The possibility of large-scale use of hydrogen in the future as a transport fuel increases the potential for both renewables directly and base-load electricity supply off-peak.Utilising solar and wind-generated electricity in a stand-alone system requires corresponding battery or other storage capacity.Policy settings to support renewables are generally required to confer priority in grid systems and also subsidise them, and some 50 countries have these provisions.

System costs escalate with increasing proportion of variable renewables. Back-up generating capacity is required due to the intermittent nature of solar and wind.Utilising electricity from solar and wind in a grid becomes problematical at high levels for complex but now well-demonstrated reasons.Harnessing these for electricity depends on the cost and efficiency of the technology, which is constantly improving, thus reducing costs per peak kilowatt, and per kWh at the source.There is widespread popular support for using renewable energy, particularly solar and wind energy, which provide electricity without giving rise to any carbon dioxide emissions.

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